American History - Civil War Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

American History - Civil War Controversy - Essay Example His men, who wanted to press on all the way to Richmond, took 400 Confederate prisoners. One hundred fifty of the enemy had been killed or wounded on the hillside. Out of his regiment of 386 men, Chamberlain lost 136, including 30 dead and many seriously wounded. A battalion of United States Sharpshooters had been acting as skirmishers for Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward's brigade of Sickles's corps, and while withdrawing from a stone wall in front of Round Top, three of its companies disappeared into the woods up the western slope of that towering landmark and began to fire into the right flank of the enemy line. Col. William C. Oates, commanding the Fifteenth Alabama Infantry, could not allow the sharpshooters' fire to enfilade his right from that hill, so he and his men laboriously climbed over the large rocks, trees, and bushes in their path to exchange fire with the sharpshooters. The Forty-seventh Alabama, commanded by its lieutenant colonel and minus three of its companies, continued his line of battle to the left. ... to the west of the Round Tops rolled up to the Union brigade waiting on Little Round Top, with the crash of artillery and rattle of muskets almost drowning out the shouts of the fighting men. The soldiers of the other regiments of the brigade to the right of the Twentieth Maine could see the dreadful sight of men in blue being overwhelmed by the vigorous onslaught of lines of figures in butternut and gray. The Union men fought with grim determination in the Devil's Den and the woods and fields around it. As men fell and cannon fired, here and there a horse would gallop away, eyes wild with terror. All seemed a mass of confusion and madness, and then the high, keening sound of the Rebel yell rose above the din and grew "as if all pandemonium had broken loose and joined in the chorus of one universal war whoop." The men of Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania could see lines of determined men advancing at the double-quick, to swarm soon into the Plum Run valley and up the hill, bent on occupying their position. The Confederates, too, had seen the importance of Little Round Top and rushed to gain the advantage. But they arrived a few minutes too late--the timely actions of Warren and Vincent had caused the strategic hill to be seized by the Federals just in time. On the Confederate far right, Oates and his Alabama men, exhausted from marching about twenty-five miles before the attack began and their steep climb over the rocks and bushes of Round Top, rested for ten minutes at its summit. The Union sharpshooters had disappeared as if into thin air, and Oates did not know their numbers or where they were. Misled by their intense firing from behind rocks and trees and unable to judge their strength as he climbed, the Confederate commander thought he was driving a "heavy

Female Foeticide in India Essay Example for Free

Female Foeticide in India Essay Save the girl child, or Beti Bachao, Beti Bachao Andolan in Urdu, is a campaign in India to end the gender-selective abortion of female fetuses, which has skewed the population towards a significant under-representation of girls in some Indian states. The Beti Bachao campaign is supported by human rights groups, non-governmental organizations, and state and local government in India. Contents [hide] 1 Female foeticide 2 Beti Bachao awareness campaign 3 National support 4 Effectiveness 5 See also 6 References Female foeticide[edit] Further information: Female foeticide in India Sex-selective abortion, or female foeticide, has led to a sharp drop in the ratio of girls born in contrast to boy infants in some states in India. Ultrasound technology has made it possible for pregnant women and their families to learn the gender of a foetus early in a pregnancy. Discrimination against girl infants, for several reasons, has combined with the technology to result in a rise in abortions of fetuses identified as female during ultrasound testing. The trend was first noticed when results of the 1991 national census were released, and it was confirmed to be a worsening problem when results of the 2001 national census were released. The reduction in the female population of certain Indian states continues to worsen, as results of the 2011 national census have shown. It has been observed that the trend is most pronounced in relatively prosperous regions of India. [1] The dowry system in India is often blamed; the expectation that a large dowry must be provided for daughters in order for them to marry is frequently cited as a major cause for the problem. 2] Pressure for parents to provide large dowries for their daughters is most intense in prosperous states where high standards of living, and modern consumerism, are more prevalent in Indian society. Rates of female foeticide in Madhya Pradesh are increasing; the rate of live births was 932 girls per 1000 boys in 2001, which dropped to 912 by 2011. It is expected that if this trend continues, by 2021 the number of girls will drop below 900 per 1000 boys. 3] Beti Bachao awareness campaign[edit] Beti Bachao activities include large rallies, poster campaigns, wall paintings, billboards, and television commercials and short animations and video films. Celebrities such as video director Jagmeet Bal, and Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra, have become involved in Save the girl child initiatives. National support[edit] The Beti Bachao campaign is supported by numerous medical organizations in India, including the Indian Medical Association. 4] Government support at the state level has provided funding for Beti Bachao publicity activities in particular. The expenditures related to the campaign have been a source of political controversy in Madhya Pradesh, which launched its official Beti Bachao Abhiyan campaign in 2012. [5] Effectiveness[edit] The campaign has reported some success in parts of India. In 2009, it was reported that in Gujarat, rates of female births increased from 802 to 882 for every 1000 male births. Beti Bachao activities were credited with this improvement. [6]

Causes of Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice

Causes of Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work Practice Shaun Wharton Understanding the term ethical dilemma and how such dilemmas arise in social work practice. The paper will begin by explaining the term ethical dilemma and how such dilemmas arise in social Work practice through; what conditions and components are needed for an ethical dilemma to develop, and by explaining how ethical dilemmas occur within agency policy, law, professional ethics and personal values. Furthermore the paper will apply agency policy and law to the case study of Jack, a 62 year old white man, in order to explore how ethical dilemmas arise within social work. The paper will then explore risk verses autonomy, by weighing up the consequences for and against supporting Jack, through utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. This will then lead to explore a new proposed action. Finally the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings. The first part of this essay will explain the conditions and components needed for an ethical dilemma to develop. Firstly there has to be a difficult decision made with two or more unwelcome courses of action avail able (Banks, 2006, p.8). Secondly no matter what course of action has been undertaken, an ethical principle has been bent or broken (Allen, 2014). Once you have made a decision then the social worker is left responsible for choosing an imperfect answer and the inevitable unwelcome out comes (Banks, 2006, p.9). This paper will now explain when an ethical dilemma occurs, firstly through agency policy and law, these are integrated into every course of action, and decision made. One important act is the Human Rights Act and is integrated into UK law. This means that every person can protect their rights in court and public organisations have to treat everyone equally. (Minister of Justice, 2006). Social workers often only have one course of action to take and that’s to follow the law and agency policy (hcpc, 2012). Sometimes social workers professional codes of practice might come into conflict with law and agency policy, this is not an ethical dilemma because there is only one course of action to take, for example they should follow the law. Additionally due to the social workers codes of professional practice you are obligated to lobby against such law (hcpc, 2012). In contrast Braye and Preston Shoot (1997) suggest the law is vague, leaving the social workers to decide what course of action to take, producing ethical dilemmas (Banks, 2006, p.8). Secondly Professional ethics can result in ethical dilemmas for example, when trying to choose the best course of action in relation to a service user (Allen, 2014). Ethics are a professional guide (morals actions) set out to help people in groups or within a professional organisation to make right decisions, when an ethical dilemma presents itself. In social work this is the health and care professions council (hcpc) and offers a set of ethical principles to determine the right course of action and therefore produces a logical thought process, resulting in consistency throughout the profession. (Parrott, 2011, p.79). In contrast, the social workers, hcpc codes of practice covers a large range of codes of behaviour and conduct (Banks, 2006, p.78), therefore blurring professional boundaries, (Banks, 2006, p.16), which result in ethical dilemmas (hcpc, 2012). Finally Values are something that can produce personal ethical dilemmas. Values are what people hold close to their heart and are seen as valuable to them for instance, someone’s cultural beliefs of right and wrong (Oxford, 2014). It’s very important to understand personal ethics and values through critical-reflection (BASW, 2014). Through identifying personal values, ethics and acknowledging the power a social worker holds, you can expose bias views and dominant discourses (Banks, 2006, p.159). Thompson’s PCS Model can help explore any anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices, not just on a personal level, but cultural and social/structural level too (Barbra, 2010, p.12). It’s then possible to reflect and change further professional judgements (Banks, 2006, p.159). Personal values are used to inform every day practice as long as there are within the hcpc. Therefore making the social workers job very complex, because they have to balance their own moral integrity, to society, service users and the agencies they work with in, causing personal ethical dilemmas (Banks, 2006, p.17). To understand how ethical dilemmas arise in social work practice, this essay will apply agency policy and law to a case study. Jack is a 62yr old white man who lives alone in a privately rented flat; Jack has asked if his carer could support him to visit a paid prostitute as part of his assessed care plan; paid for by public funds. The first thing to ascertain is whether any laws or agency policies will be broken. The actual act of visiting a prostitute is not illegal (GOV.UK 2014). The second question to ask is whether local authority procedures allow for the payment of a prostitute. Service users receive direct payments, this can be spent on personal care, social activities, respite care and may vary from one local authority to another (Royal Borough of Greenwich, 2014). So the local authority’s payment would likely cover Jack’s suggestion. The local authority also has a legal duty of care to make sure Jack is not financially exploited (The National Archives, 2014). A social worker has to support Jacks autonomy, even if this puts him in danger (Parrott, 2011, p.90). Jack has become socially isolated because of his disabilities and it is the social workers responsibility to promote social inclusion (hcpc, 2012). In contrast even though it’s not illegal to visit a prostitute there are many laws, professional codes of ethics and personal values against actions involving Jack with prostitution. This is especially relevant to Jack as he has already been warned by the police not to get involved sexually with any underage woman. This causes an ethical dilemma (Banks, 2006, p.12), between promoting Jacks autonomy and protecting Jacks welfare (BASW, 2014). Whilst the local authority’s payment would likely cover Jack’s suggestion, this still could cause an ethical dilemma, between the public generally thinking it’s wrong to use public money visit a prostitute, and the local authority who needs to promote Jacks inclusion in soci ety. Also the actual interaction with the prostitute is beyond the help of a social worker and proposes health risks. Several ethical dilemmas have developed (Banks, 2006, p.14). Whenever a social worker is faced with risk, they would perform a risk assessment (legislation.gov.uk., 2010). The risk assessment would weigh up the consequences for and against supporting Jack. The social worker could use an ethical framework to assist decision making for example, Lowenberg and Dolgoffs, (2005) Ethical Principles Screen, which attempts to put ethical principles in order of importance (Lowenberg and Dolgoffs cited in, Learning Portal, 2013). The social worker would start by examining the risks of not supporting Jack through applying the human rights acts and any other laws. Jacks right to liberty and security would be affected, Article 5; it would also affect his right to the prohibition of discrimination, Article 14 and the right to private and family life, Article 8 (GOV.UK 2014). This would lead to the social worker failing to uphold the Equality Act 2010 (legislation.gov.uk., 2010) and the Local authority would fail in its duty of care (legislation.gov.uk. 2010) . The social worker would then apply professional codes of practice and would be failing in, article five of the hcpc, be aware of the impact of culture, equality and diversity, this is because of Jacks disabilities and a social worker should promote equality for example, equal access to society. The social worker would fail to adhere to article six of the hcpc, also fail to practise in a non-discriminatory manner (hcpc, 2012), this is because the social worker would be withholding funds, not letting him make his own choices, and also limiting his access to society (hcpc, 2012). The social worker would also apply the British Association of Social Workers codes of ethics (BASW, 2014), for example, BASW outline that all social workers should respect human rights and be committed to promoting social justice (BASW 2014). Under BASW the social worker would be compromising values and ethical principles, through failing to uphold and promote human dignity and well-being, respecting the right to self-determination, promoting the right to participation and treating each person as a whole. A social worker is also expected to promote social justice and would be failing in challenging discrimination, distributing resource and recognising diversity (BASW 2014). The social worker would then explore the risks of supporting Jack. For instance this course of action could result in a public moral outcry. This is because there have been several media campaigns, to stop local authorities from using public money for prostitutes (Donnelly, Howie, Leach, 2010). Social workers have a duty to protect the reputation of the profession through the British association of social workers (BASW, 2014). Many of the human rights above are not absolute rights; they are qualified rights and in certain circumstances can be broken, for example when protecting public health or when protecting other people’s human rights. This is evident with Jack potentially taking advantage of a vulnerable person (prostitute) (SHRC, 2014). By applying utilitarianism to the assessment above the theory would suggest finding all the different courses of action available. Second would be to calculate all the positives and negatives that can result from these actions and thirdly this theory suggests to choose the course of action that produces the most benefits and the least damage for all involved (Parrott, 2011, p.54). Supporting Jack would limit for his financial risk, reduced the risk committing an offence, and reduce many of the health risks involved with visiting a prostitute. Also the social worker could make sure the prostitute was making an informed choice (HCPC, 2014). Over all the risk assessment would support Jack, but as mentioned above, the social worker is left with an imperfect answer and the inevitable undesirable effects. But because a risk assessment isn’t an exact science there are additional ways to inform social work practice (Banks, 2006, p.25). The decision to support Jack could compromise the social worker’s personal values causing an ethical dilemma; between personal values and supporting Jack. The social worker could support the idea that Jack should not just seek pleasure. The social worker would be applying virtues ethics (Banks, 2009, pp.38-49), because this ethical theory is more concerned with character not actions. This theory suggests the individual should avoid extremes, this is not to say Jack should not want sex, it just should not come before everything else (Parrott, 2011, p.58). The social worker could also incorporate Kant’s deontological theory. This is an absolutist theory which argues once something is wrong it’s always wrong, for instance, â€Å"you should not take advantage of a vulnerable person† (Parrott, 2011, p.54). This theory is linked to duty. This is called the categorical imperative that indicates we should only conform to an action, when it can be applied to the re st of the world, for instance, if one person lies the rest of the world can lie, this would produce mistrust throughout society. So lying cannot be applied to society universally (Banks, 2006, pp.29-30). In addition there is the concept of reversal, for example, if you were vulnerable would you like someone to take advantage of you? If not, then you shouldn’t do it to anyone else (Parrott, 2011, pp.50-51). The social worker could use the theories above to propose a new course of action based on personal values, in accordance with the law and the professional code of ethics (HCPC, 2014). This course of action would offer a viable alternative. If Jack refused, new ethical dilemmas would arise, similar to the ones discussed above (The National Archives, 2014). This action would limit the risk above and solve most of the ethical dilemmas. For example, one of BASW ethical principles is to identify and develop strengths (BASW, 2014). Jack could be introduced to a wider network of friends, enabling him to find what he needs through clubs, hobbies and dating agencies etc. The consequences of this action is time related, it could take some time for Jack to fulfil his needs. The actual implementation of the action would be governed by utilitarianism, most benefits and the least damage for all involved (Mill, 2004). This paper has shown how ethical dilemmas can arise through agency policy, law, professional ethics and personal values. The paper then applied agency policy and law to a case study to show how ethical dilemmas arise in social work practice, by exposing ethical dilemmas between promoting the welfare of the service user verses promoting the service users right to make their own decisions. The paper proceeded to assess the risk of both courses of action by using theories of ethics through, utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics; this led to explore a more viable solution, through personal values, resulting in a new course of action. The paper can conclude that an ethical dilemma results from conflicting laws, agency policies and personal values, to address these issues a social worker will combine several different ethical theories, with this becoming a mechanical matter for some, informed by personal values for others and sometimes mixture of both. (Words 2186) References Allen, K, Ph.D. (2014).  What Is an Ethical Dilemma?.Available: http://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/ethics-articles/What_Is_an_Ethical_Dilemma%3F/. Last accessed 15th Dec 2014. Banks S, (2006) British Association of Social Workers. Ethics and values in social work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Banks, S, Gallagher, A (2009). Ethics in Professional Life. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Barbra, T (2010). An Introduction to Applying Social Work Theories and Methods. Berkshire: Open University Press. Donnelly, L, Howie, M, Leach, B. (2010). Councils pay for prostitutes for the disabled. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/7945785/Councils-pay-for-prostitutes-for-the-disabled.html. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014. GOV.UK. (2014). Prostitution and Exploitation of Prostitution. Available: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/p_to_r/prostitution_and_exploitation_of_prostitution/#a01. Last accessed 11th Dec 2014. hcpc. (2012). Social workers in England. Available: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10003B08Standardsofproficiency-SocialworkersinEngland.pdf. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. Health and Care Professions Council. (2012). Guidance on conduct and ethics for students. Available: http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10002C16Guidanceonconductandethicsforstudents.pdf. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. J. Leuven,T. Visak. (2013). Ryder’s Painism and His Criticism of Utilitarianism. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 26 (2), 409–419. Kathleen E. Murphy, Ph.D. (1997). Resolving Ethical Dilemmas. Available: http://www.naswma.org/?114. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. Learning Portal . (2013). Ethical Practice – Defining the Process. Available: http://www.elearnportal.com/courses/psychology/ethical-legal-and-professional-issues-in-counseling/ethical-legal-and-professional-issues-in-counseling-ethical-practice-defini. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014. legislation.gov.uk. (2010). Equality Act 2010. Available: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents. Last accessed 5th Nov 2014. Mill, S. (2004).UTILITARIANISM.  Available: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224-h/11224-h.htm#CONTENTS. Last accessed 16th Dec 2014. Minister of Justice. (2006). Making sense of human rights. Available: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/human-rights/human-rights-making-sense-human-rights.pdf. Last accessed 15th Dec 2014. Oxford Dictionaries. (2014). Oxford Dictionaries. Available: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. Last accessed 29th Nov 2014. Parrott, L (2011).  Values and Ethics in Social Work Practice. 2nd ed. Glasgow: Learning Matters Ltd. Royal Borough of Greenwich. (2014). Direct payments. Available: http://www.royalgreenwich.gov.uk/info/200050/help_for_adults/262/direct_payments/3. Last accessed 17th Dec 2014. Scottish Human Rights Commission. (2014). Welcome to Care about Rights. Available: http://www.scottishhumanrights.com/careaboutrights/. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014. Sokol, B. (2006).  What if.  Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4954856.stm. The National Archives. (2014). Human Rights Act 1998. Available: http://www.scottishhumanrights.com/careaboutrights/section1-page11. Last accessed 11th Dec 2014. The National Archives. (2014). National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. Available: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/19/contents. Last accessed 11th Dec 2014. The Policy, Ethics and Human Rights Committee. (2014). The Code of Ethics for Social Work. Available: http://cdn.basw.co.uk/upload/basw_95243-9.pdf. Last accessed 12th Dec 2014.

Amazonian Economy and Exploitation Concerns Essay -- Brazil Amazon Eco

Amazonian Economy and Exploitation Concerns The economy of Manaus, Brazil and of the Amazon Basin draws from the many natural resources of the region. The indigenous populations of the Amazonian floodplains participate minimally in the market economy, sometimes selling fish during productive seasons. Their lifestyles are predominantly self-subsistence, so there is no real need for cash. Manaus, on the other hand, is a large, developed city with a thriving local market and healthy exportation market. Products of the rainforest and river used in the market include fish, rubber, brazil nuts, hardwoods, and other plant fibers. Extracted and mined from the earth are minerals such as manganese ore, diamonds, gold, and petroleum. Eco-tourism, in which outsiders tour the land and river, is a part of the local economy. Chemical production is also a part of Manaus’ economy. Exploitation has been a concern since the Europeans began colonizing Brazil, but it has been an area of concern more recently. One exploited population, the native peoples, is often overlooked. Colonizing Europeans...

Where Value Rests: In Price And In Deed

The Impetus We signed up a month ago a singing group, ECHO JAM, for our school’s activities next month. The cost of the contract has been the basis of and has set the price of the tickets we have been selling. But Echo Jam has just been awarded this week with a Platinum recognition for their latest CD released a month ago. They have become more popular and valuable because of such achievement. We are anxious about the possibility that our students might bank on this surge in the popularity of Echo Jam and they re-sell their tickets at a higher price. The Activity Guideline The student activities committee has already drawn up its guideline for this concert activity. We have priced the ticket in accordance to the costs involved in this activity, plus a little extra for the fund raising objective of this activity. The student council is hoping to augment the logistics of the drama theater club to help them compete in a state competition. The costs incurred for this event are: the contract talent fee of Echo Jam; the additional chairs and sound equipment rented for the event; the printing cost of tickets, posters, flyers and banners; the decorations to be used during the concert; and other incidental administrative costs. The Potential For Abuse And Its Effect It is going to be sad if the newfound surge of success and popularity of Echo Jam and the chance that they were contracted to perform for the school activity – will be subjected to abuse. It is the position of the student activities committee to immediately look into ways and means to avoid the scalping of the tickets for this concert. It is not only illegal, but immoral to take advantage of situations such as this. Scalping tickets can bring about a lot suspicion and mistrust on the objectives, the purpose, the mechanism, the principle of this student activity. The entire school authority and the student council will be subjected to criticism and ridicule for allowing abuse and illicit activity to transpire in this ideal event. Scalping tickets is a hustling activity. The greed and usurping characteristics of people that can infiltrate the students will do a lot of harm to the psyche of the students. Even assuming that an organized group has a seeming well intention of allowing the student committee and/or the school to earn more money for this event to help its objective of innovating on the logistics of the drama theater – still, the end does not justify the means. It does not abide well with the illustration of where true value rests. The Equation Of Value The Echo Jam concert has a clear cut objective. It is a student activity with the inner purpose of creating camaraderie, wholesome fun whilst the students have just completed their final exams. The student activities committee contracted them because their talent is commendable. The true value of their contract talent fee is a sure indication of the benefit and rewards that viewers or an audience will be delighted with during their performance. Their attaining their success and popularity is something they worked hard for and it is for their own merit and advantage and business and concern to realize the value of their achievements. Proponents like the school’s activities committee is only concerned with the objective of the exercise: which is, the concert. It is not the business of the school activities committee or the school or the student to make money out of the value of the achievements of Echo Jam. The school and its committee and its students are not commercial entities that will consider achieving greed in profit because Echo Jam is a â€Å"good catch†. The students will therefore be advised against the possibility of scalping their tickets. They will be also warned that penalties and sanctions will be imposed if they indulge in such undesirable activity as it is tantamount to misdemeanor.

Floods in India and Its Control Essay

Countries irrigated by an adequate river system are in many ways blessed. These rivers not only help agriculture, but they provide a cheap and efficient transport system for the development of internal trade. The saying goes—land divides, seas unite. But waterways bring also a good deal of misery to the people by causing devastating seasonal floods In India, for example, the sub-Himalayan regions of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and Assam are heavily flooded by the rivers of the Gengetic basin and the Brahmaputra, almost every rainy season. It brings untold sufferings to the people of these low-lying plains. Millions are rendered homeless; men and cattle die in large numbers; the damage to property including standing crops is incalculable. Besides, floods affect the health of the locality and increase the incidence of cholera, typhoid and other water-borne diseases. In 1922 and 1998 flood in North Bengal left a trail of devastation, essentially in Malda, Murshidabad areas. Floods are caused by an excessive flow of water in rivers during the rainy seasons, due mainly to torrential rain in catchment areas. This may be due to two natural causes. First, the melting of ice in glacier on the mountains may thus supply a river with volumes of water much in excess of its containing and carrying capacity. Secondly, heavy rains on the mountains cause an excess of water supply. In either case, the excess water overflows the embankments and submerges the low-lying plains. Bursting of dams and also Bridges in protective embankments lead to inundation. This causes large-scale deforestation. As for example, in the Terai regions during the war, floods destroyed the natural embankments of a river. Occasionally earthquakes, by changing the course of a river, or by raising its basin or choking and silting the riverbed cause flood Another contributory cause is the construction of railway bridges without leaving provision for the natural outflow of flood-water. Of course, floods in an agricultural country have often been looked upon as a blessing in disguise. Floods leave behind on the submerged areas a rich alluvial or silt-deposit, which greatly increases the fertility of the soil. This soil on either side of the Nile owes its fertility to the annual flooding of the area, which submerges large regions, even after the construction of Aswan Dam in Egypt. Nehru used to say—give unto the river what naturally belongs to her, i. e. homesteads should not be built on riversides or on temporary char lands. That is a sure preventive measure, better than steps to resist after-effects. Men have tried from the earliest times to build protective embankments against the incidence of floods. Ordinarily these can be made sufficiently strong to resist the usual type of floods. A system of canals to irrigate the low-lying plains affords considerable escape route for the excess water caused by a normal rainfall. But these embankments should have to be maintained properly. Modern river engineering and hydro-dynamics, however, have led to a fundamental change in the principle. It is now realised that effective control of flood should begin at the source. Flood control, therefore, in these days has moved upstream. This includes the building of adequate reservoirs in the head stream area and the application of the principle of multipurpose river control. The building of a sufficient number of reservoirs is a long-drawn and costly process. Public sentiment may not take kindly to it; for it necessarily causes large-scale displacement of population as has been noticed in the Narmada Banchao movement of Sm. Patakar. For taming the turbulent Damodar, the age-long ‘river of sorrow’, by constructing the Tilaya, Mython and other dams across her, many Bihar villagers had to be shifted, and this was not liked by the local population. The future, no doubt, belongs to successful working of multi-purpose schemes. So petty objections, raised by individual or local interest, must give way before the larger needs of the people. In recent years, the rainy season has brought heavy floods all along the sub-Himalayan plains. The overflow of the tributaries of the Ganges and the Bramhaputra has caused untold sufferings to the people of these localities. Embankments have been broken, bridges have been washed away; villages have been waterlogged, cutting off all communications for days together. The utmost damage has been caused to the towns and villages of Assam by the Brahmaputra floods. The government must put up protective embankments; help the easy drainage of water by removing artificial obstructions, and by adopting local remedies for particular regions. It has been rightly said, â€Å"Rivers that overtop their banks and flood the adjacent lowlands offer a challenge to the people who must be ready to protect their fields from inundation. â€Å"

Deep Economy by Bill McKibben

Deep Economy by Bill McKibben Introduction Deep Economy offers an insightful platform to any reader as it prompts him to analyze his current living condition. The author, Bill McKibben captures the reader’s mind through his well thought out and articulated ideas that expose his prowess in the field of ecological economics. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Deep Economy by Bill McKibben specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book delivers a specific message to the reader and even critics have agreed that the book plays its role in communication. Bill challenges the reader to think of another life beyond ‘growth’ to achieve prosperity. He argues that this is possible if people concentrate more in their local production. He seems to have an answer to all the budding problems affecting the community with an aim of bringing changes in their daily lifestyle and economy. One of the strongest points brought out in his argument is his s tand on the community and individualism (McKibben 108). Many people have no idea what this means but a clear understanding of Deep Economy brings to light the issue of community that triggers our thinking. And how does it achieve this goal? First of all, we have shunned communism and turned to individualism. We have lost the idea of thinking as a community and turned to other westernized sources outside our own society to revive our economy. A wrong move I must say. Secondly, globalization seems to be conquering the entire world leading to the loss of all types of primeval community values. McKibben argues that we need to re-awaken the lost communities, a concept which though possible, has been met with a lot of criticism. Lastly, it is apparent that the community has adequate resources to sustain the economy but we, as individuals, tend to ignore them. The Importance of Community Based on the above three reasons that help us to understand our community, it is worth discussing its role. McKibben holds the community in high esteem as portrayed in chapter three and four of his book. These two chapters give a conclusive argument on why the community is vital for economic growth. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The community is inhabited by individuals who are hyper (McKibben 115). More emphasis should therefore be placed on the community rather than the sole individual. McKibben advocates for the embracing of community values to attain a more sustainable lifestyle. Does this make any sense? Well, society has currently become more individualized with everybody crying about their ‘rights.’ This has been attributed to globalization and change of culture that has led people to be selfish in their way of living. The new culture of ‘everyone for himself and God for us all’ has become entrenched in individuals, hence shunn ing the society and its needs. Many people would be lost in the idea of thinking that the community does not play any role in our daily lives hence shunning it. The economy depends on right relationships within the community. Successful people such as Schumacher or Michael Ruppert are evidence that success comes from within the community and that it is challenging for individuals to try making it on their own (Hoogstraten 45). Modernization is taking over communities leaving individuals to be more and more independent. What happens to family-community? Where does the church and state-community stand? What McKibben is trying to argue is that we seem not to care about the welfare of each other. In the Middle Ages for example, a family problem was solved by the community but today the situation has changed. We are turning to institutions such as the court to give us a solution. The idea of worshipping together as a community was lost long ago with the individuals deeply engaged in sh opping and their careers. McKibben offers a solution of revival but many critics argue that this is not possible. The most applicable solution offered by McKibben, and one that I wholly agree with is the idea of using the community to create our own local wealth (McKibben 120). The example he gives on how the community is capable of creating its own wealth is proof enough that the society has the required resources to improve the economy. Two examples from his book that clearly stand out are the idea of the bus transportation model that he observes in Brazil and the concept of owning a currency that can only be exchanged locally. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Deep Economy by Bill McKibben specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These ideas are brilliant and applicable and one wonders why we have never thought of these before. It is true that people have forgotten to invest in their own communities and are fascinated by other successful business investments outside their territory. Criticism The idea of communism has not been received without criticism. The idea has been criticized on the notion that it will be difficult to revert to communism (Rheannon 23). This is because people have already adjusted to a new livelihood of individualism and independence. Most people will not be willing to let go of the idea of private ownership which will have to undergo a transformation to attain a sustainable balance with community ownership. Though this arguments make sense, it can however be argued that it is possible to utilize the resources in the community to regain the lost glory. This is possible through special initiatives such as volunteer and welfare groups (Korten 67). Conclusion The community has the potential. That said and done, it is for us as community members to turn that potential into reality. Deep Economy got us thinking about the ‘after growth’ to a better economic future. T he book is worth reading and recommending to everybody wishing to make a change in their lifestyle by involving the community. Hoogstraten, Hans-Dirk. Deep Economy: Caring for Ecology, Humanity and Religion. England: James Clarke Co., 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Korten, David. Agenda for a New Economy: From Phantom Wealth to Real Wealth. California: Berrett-Koebler Publishers, 2010. Print. McKibben, Bill. Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future. New York: Time Books, 2007. Print. Rheannon, Francesca. Book Review: Deep Economy: The Wealth of Communities and the Durable Future. Sustainability Investment News. 7 May 2007. www.socialfunds.com/news/article.cg/2286.html. 3 August 2011. Print.

Free Essays on Sexual Dysfunction In Males

Sexual Dysfunction in Males and Therapy Available Sexual Dysfunctions such as premature ejaculation in men and Inability to have orgasms in women have been the cause of a great deal of mental anguish, not to mention marital friction. Most Americans either have a sexual dysfunction or are affected by one in their partner. However, thanks to the likes of Masters and Johnson who have written several publications to help us understand the causes of sexual dysfunction and the rapid treatment therapy for such disorders, several options are now available to help with this problem. A sexual dysfunction is any one of various disturbances or impairments of sexual functioning (Carey, M. P., Wincze, J.P., 2001). Although this definition may seem fairly simple, in practice it can be very difficult to determine exactly when something is a sexual dysfunction. No one knows the exact number of people with sexual dysfunctions, what is known though, is the number of people who actually go out and seek some kind of treatment for the problem, and these are fewer than those of people who have a dysfunction but suffer quietly and never seek therapy because of ignorance or embarrassment. In this paper I am going to discuss the various kinds of sexual dysfunctions found in men: erectile dysfunction (impotence), premature ejaculation and inhibited ejaculation their causes and also the various treatment methods available for such disorders. In 1992, the National Institutes of Health defined erectile dysfunction as the inability to attain or sustain an erection adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. "Erectile Dysfunction" is more precise than impotence, a term that some associate with being sterile or lacking strength, vigor, or power. The condition is called primary sexual dysfunction if a man has never in his life achieved or maintained an erection for coitus. If a man has previously had at least one successful coitus and then... Free Essays on Sexual Dysfunction In Males Free Essays on Sexual Dysfunction In Males Sexual Dysfunction in Males and Therapy Available Sexual Dysfunctions such as premature ejaculation in men and Inability to have orgasms in women have been the cause of a great deal of mental anguish, not to mention marital friction. Most Americans either have a sexual dysfunction or are affected by one in their partner. However, thanks to the likes of Masters and Johnson who have written several publications to help us understand the causes of sexual dysfunction and the rapid treatment therapy for such disorders, several options are now available to help with this problem. A sexual dysfunction is any one of various disturbances or impairments of sexual functioning (Carey, M. P., Wincze, J.P., 2001). Although this definition may seem fairly simple, in practice it can be very difficult to determine exactly when something is a sexual dysfunction. No one knows the exact number of people with sexual dysfunctions, what is known though, is the number of people who actually go out and seek some kind of treatment for the problem, and these are fewer than those of people who have a dysfunction but suffer quietly and never seek therapy because of ignorance or embarrassment. In this paper I am going to discuss the various kinds of sexual dysfunctions found in men: erectile dysfunction (impotence), premature ejaculation and inhibited ejaculation their causes and also the various treatment methods available for such disorders. In 1992, the National Institutes of Health defined erectile dysfunction as the inability to attain or sustain an erection adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse. "Erectile Dysfunction" is more precise than impotence, a term that some associate with being sterile or lacking strength, vigor, or power. The condition is called primary sexual dysfunction if a man has never in his life achieved or maintained an erection for coitus. If a man has previously had at least one successful coitus and then...

Bob Marley's Weapon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bob Marley's Weapon - Essay Example Miller provides a very apt interpretation of this real 'weapon' of Marley which also indicates his political and revolutionary concerns. "Bob Marley often used to say, 'My guitar is my weapon.' What he meant, of course, was that he could make more of a statement about the futility of oppression and violence with his revolutionary reggae music than he ever could by fighting or organizing physical uprisings." (Miller) Through the strength of his music, Marley was able to influence the political and cultural transformation of his land and he was aware from his childhood that race was culture. The great political and revolutionary concerns of the musician were enlarged by the power of his music and through the medium of his guitar he achieved international acclaim for the same concerns. The most influencing elements in the musical and political ideologies of this renowned musician were race and culture.

Political Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Political Ethics - Essay Example Elders, usually male and heads of households, have religious authority, as well as powers to decide on aspects of community life. In the case of chiefs and regional or national leaders, there is a mixing of political, religious and moral authority which makes them very powerful indeed, and able to influence the life of those underneath them for good or for evil. Culture, laws and history are traditionally preserved through oral means, which entails a lot of reciting of material, and listening, as well as ritual performances of various kinds which serve to remind those present of essential underlying principles which are used to pass judgement on particular cases. Another major difference between Western and African ways is that societal groups in Africa are usually very much smaller scale, so people actually know those who are leaders, and have some sort of relationship through kinship with them. Hereditary social structures create bonds which last over generations, and ensure a certain stability in society. Ancestor worship is an extension of the strong ties that exists within and between clans and tribes in the present time. The whole system is hierarchical, with each layer courting the approval of the one above, from the king or chief at the top right down to the family unit where the child is subordinate to the father. The main values of African societies are â€Å"good company, dignity, display, decency and wisdom,† (Magesa, 1997, p. 258) and these are embodied in the leaders in a system that the author calls â€Å"relative gerontocracy† (Magesa, 1997, p. 265) Conflict resolution is done in a consultative way, with several people sitting in judgement, and an audience listening to complaints and defences. By making the preserving of human life the main point of moral behavior, Magesa argues that African

The Utilitarian View of Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Utilitarian View of Divorce - Essay Example These parties include the spouses, the children, the families, and the state. A settlement may be reached based on utilitarian individualism, a decision based on the self-interest of the spouses. It may also be reached through the process of utilitarian republicanism, an outcome based on what is best for the public, or the biblical traditions of morality. In fact, the outcome of a divorce, and the subsequent settlement agreements, will be a mixture of multiple ethical models. While the decision to get a divorce has moved farther towards utilitarian individualist attitudes, the outcome is still heavily influenced by civic republicanism and biblical traditions. The divorce process has traditionally been monitored and totally controlled by social institutions outside the interested family. Churches discouraged divorce through the threat of excommunication and damnation. The state regulated divorce through a series of laws and courts designed not only to protect everyone's interest and serve justice, but to minimize the impact on society. The state took the utilitarian stand that the outcome of a divorce needs to produce the greatest public good possible. Before the recent innovation of no-fault divorce and private spousal agreements, "Divorce was granted only after an official inquiry by a judge, who had to determine whether "appropriate grounds"-very narrowly defined in terms of marital offenses-existed. When a divorce was granted, the state asserted broad authority to structure the economic relationship of the spouses and to maintain regulatory jurisdiction over the children and their relationship to the parents" (Mnookin and Kornhauser 9 53). Today, liberalized divorce laws and private divorce agreements have moved the desirable outcome of a divorce from the public good and into the private good. Bellah's contention that we are moving further into a utilitarian society, at a social cost (in this case divorce), is evidenced by the move from a concern for the public good, as dictated by the courts, to the private happiness sought through today's easy path to divorce. When a spouse, or a couple, make the decision to get divorced the decision is made based on the self-interest of one or both parties. Without a utilitarian attitude, couples may be more prone to stay together out of concern for their children and the health of the family unit. They may subscribe to behaviors that they may find disagreeable or burdensome. John Stuart Mill defined utilitarianism as the Happiness Principle which "holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure" (15). Happiness, and the absence of pain, are the moral standards by which utilitarianism makes its choice. Staying in a painful marriage may be made by other moral systems, but utilitarianism would endure it only if the happiness and stability of the family brought a greater reward to the injured spouse than the act o f divorce. While divorce in the past was highly stigmatized, today it is commonplace. The social stigmatization of staying single has also been reduced and "Divorce as a solution to an unhappy marriage, even a marriage with young children, is far more acceptable today than ever before" (Bellah et al. 90). Our

Auditors independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Auditors independence - Essay Example Auditor independence is a term which truly umbrellas many different matters, and which thus must be understood fully and thoroughly in order to be understood properly altogether. Basically, in order to understand the meaning of auditor independence you must first understand the fact that basically the professional independence of auditors has truly been held responsible for that of the many corporate collapses and financial debacles that have taken place worldwide, and that this explains the essentiality of understanding the importance of the independence factor in the auditing sector. Independence is generally understood to refer to a mental state of objectivity and lack of bias. They are totally opposed against the new ruling and voiced many of the same concerns that were seen from other CPA's. He expressed concern that the regulation of the new rule cannot be sufficient by itself. It's also necessary that public investors-the users of financial reports-perceive that the numbers ar e right. These are basically and for some places entirely restricted because they give the appearance that when auditors provide these services to audit clients they are acting as an advocate for the audit client. Brown goes on then to even further illustrate this point by showing that in Canada we are looking at the SEC's proposal closely and extensively and "will formulate our regulatory response partly on your experience. It is truly and absolutely a key factor that the audit committee identifies independence violations, because they are on the front line and are closest to the action. The creation of these principles was due to increasing concern that auditors were not remaining totally independent when performing the audit. Other times the consulting professionals will have little or no interaction with auditors especially in large firms. If firms miss their earnings expectations even by a slim margin the result is an immediate decrease in stock prices. Furthermore, the last no n-audit service that is restricted to audit clients is expert services. The initial concept of auditor independence, which arose during the 19th century, was based on the premise, primarily British in origin, that a principal duty of professional accountants and auditors was the oversight of absentee investments in the existing and former colonies of the British Empire. During this period, a relatively small number of accounting firms could perform audits for a relatively large number of entities. Professional accountants and auditors could render reports on the financial performance of different entities and could work for different investor groups. The concept of auditor independence during this era did not conceive of auditors as advocates for audited entities; British investors explicitly forbade auditors from investing or working in the businesses that they audited. At the same time, as long as auditors maintained their primary loyalty to the investors back home, the scope of professional a

Self Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Concept - Essay Example It helps the child in building a good relation with his family and fellows around. So it could be said that it is a mental understanding or the knowledge of one's own existence and personality. Few physical and social attributes affect the personality of a person along with the social attributes. These attributes affect the attitude, habits and thinking of a person. During a lifetime, as a child the self-concepts are not so visible and they can get change as well with the passage of time. But as he grows older the self-concept becomes more incorporated and his psychology and social life becomes clearer and he can be judged better on the base of his attitude and habits and more psychological attributes. The self-concept of a person can be influenced by the sense of identity and other features, which affect the self-concept of a person, are the opinions that are being shared by the other people around, that what they think actually about us. The other things, which affect the self-concept, is the comparisons and similarities which are there between us and the other people around us. How much are we similar to them or how much are we different from them. Gergen (1965) showed in his study that the self-concept is affected by the reaction of other people and people cannot talk honestly about themselves. He conducted an interview with few people and he came to know that people cannot talk about themselves and what they talk usually reflect the views which people posses about them. And very few people rated themselves accurately, most of them rated themselves according to the perceptions of their friends and families. Here, we can look at the Ekman's six universal emotions, which are same all over the world and people from different regions posses, these emotions in the same way. The emotions are happiness sorrow anger disgust surprise As we look at the above listed events, these are the events, which lead people to shape their self-concept. In happiness, a person is sometimes out-of-control and it affects the normal mindset of the person. So at that time the person react in a way, which helps him understand that what do he or she actually wants to do and they do it without any boundary. The other situation is the state of sorrow, where a person can loose the hope and can go for anything, which he or she cannot think of doing in any normal circumstances. This event gives a real opportunity to a person to judge his self-concept and to get a clear vision of his weakness and strengths as well. The other event is the anger - which is an important event. If a person is able to control his anger, he can easily do anything in the world. Controlling anger is important because during this state of mind, a person can do anything reversible and it is an important event to judge someone's self-esteem and self-concept. Fourth event is the disgust; a stable mind is needed to cope in this state. This event is also an important event and it helps in getting knowledge about the one's own positive and negative points. The fifth and last event is the surprise. Surprise can be positive as well as the negative. The reaction of a person towards the surprise, whether a positive

Case Analysis On IT at Cirque Du soliel Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis On IT at Cirque Du soliel - Case Study Example One of the best examples of technological developments is the reliance on information technology in various business organisations. Many information technologies have been devised in order to assist in the different needs that most companies seem to have in the course of their activities. Some of these technologies enable the consumers that are geographically separated to effectively share messages and databases, which are copied and sent instantly to different recipients. Many companies rely on information technology in order to make awareness for the products and services they make in a manner that is deemed to be fast and cost effective compared to when they would have done the same by moving physically to their customers. In the same way, many consumers have continued to enjoy the ability to interact with these companies, managing to order for their goods at their convenience, making payments easily and following their products on transit until they get them. This paper examines the influence of information and technology at Cirque du Solie, looking at how the company can use this innovation to improve their performance and market share. Cirque du Soleil, which is headquartered in Montreal in Canada, was established in 1984 by people that were actively involved public entertainment (Richard, Pinsonneault & Croteau 2012, 2). They were led by Guy Laliberte and Daniel Gauthier who were motivated by the need to reinvent the idea of circus, which had not yet emerged in the entertainment scene by 1800s. The critics and audiences were hugely won by the first show that was made by Cirque du Soleil. This show was very dramatic and quite different from traditional circus that had been common before that time. In this show, the participants wore nicely decorated costumes, had modern and original music, featured different dramatical and

Auditors independence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Auditors independence - Essay Example Auditor independence is a term which truly umbrellas many different matters, and which thus must be understood fully and thoroughly in order to be understood properly altogether. Basically, in order to understand the meaning of auditor independence you must first understand the fact that basically the professional independence of auditors has truly been held responsible for that of the many corporate collapses and financial debacles that have taken place worldwide, and that this explains the essentiality of understanding the importance of the independence factor in the auditing sector. Independence is generally understood to refer to a mental state of objectivity and lack of bias. They are totally opposed against the new ruling and voiced many of the same concerns that were seen from other CPA's. He expressed concern that the regulation of the new rule cannot be sufficient by itself. It's also necessary that public investors-the users of financial reports-perceive that the numbers ar e right. These are basically and for some places entirely restricted because they give the appearance that when auditors provide these services to audit clients they are acting as an advocate for the audit client. Brown goes on then to even further illustrate this point by showing that in Canada we are looking at the SEC's proposal closely and extensively and "will formulate our regulatory response partly on your experience. It is truly and absolutely a key factor that the audit committee identifies independence violations, because they are on the front line and are closest to the action. The creation of these principles was due to increasing concern that auditors were not remaining totally independent when performing the audit. Other times the consulting professionals will have little or no interaction with auditors especially in large firms. If firms miss their earnings expectations even by a slim margin the result is an immediate decrease in stock prices. Furthermore, the last no n-audit service that is restricted to audit clients is expert services. The initial concept of auditor independence, which arose during the 19th century, was based on the premise, primarily British in origin, that a principal duty of professional accountants and auditors was the oversight of absentee investments in the existing and former colonies of the British Empire. During this period, a relatively small number of accounting firms could perform audits for a relatively large number of entities. Professional accountants and auditors could render reports on the financial performance of different entities and could work for different investor groups. The concept of auditor independence during this era did not conceive of auditors as advocates for audited entities; British investors explicitly forbade auditors from investing or working in the businesses that they audited. At the same time, as long as auditors maintained their primary loyalty to the investors back home, the scope of professional a

Case Analysis On IT at Cirque Du soliel Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis On IT at Cirque Du soliel - Case Study Example One of the best examples of technological developments is the reliance on information technology in various business organisations. Many information technologies have been devised in order to assist in the different needs that most companies seem to have in the course of their activities. Some of these technologies enable the consumers that are geographically separated to effectively share messages and databases, which are copied and sent instantly to different recipients. Many companies rely on information technology in order to make awareness for the products and services they make in a manner that is deemed to be fast and cost effective compared to when they would have done the same by moving physically to their customers. In the same way, many consumers have continued to enjoy the ability to interact with these companies, managing to order for their goods at their convenience, making payments easily and following their products on transit until they get them. This paper examines the influence of information and technology at Cirque du Solie, looking at how the company can use this innovation to improve their performance and market share. Cirque du Soleil, which is headquartered in Montreal in Canada, was established in 1984 by people that were actively involved public entertainment (Richard, Pinsonneault & Croteau 2012, 2). They were led by Guy Laliberte and Daniel Gauthier who were motivated by the need to reinvent the idea of circus, which had not yet emerged in the entertainment scene by 1800s. The critics and audiences were hugely won by the first show that was made by Cirque du Soleil. This show was very dramatic and quite different from traditional circus that had been common before that time. In this show, the participants wore nicely decorated costumes, had modern and original music, featured different dramatical and

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Essay The Crucible Many different parts form together to make up the society we see in The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller. Whether it be religion, government, or social roles; they all play some sort of impacting part to the characters we met while watching The Crucible. Who knew that religion and government could change a person’s life in a matter of minutes like it did so many times throughout the movie. The characters like Abigail Williams and John Proctor both knew the risks of going against these roles and what it would do to their everyday lives, but both characters chose to do it in more ways than one. Religion played a huge role throughout The Crucible and all of the characters were expected to show some sort of respect towards their religion. John Proctor is one of the characters who face this double standard. He feels as if he showed enough support towards the church before Reverend Parris took over that there is no way that him and his family could ever be questioned for associating themselves with the devil. However, after Abigail Williams tells the church that she saw Goody Proctor with the devil they had to question her. What originally was a trip to warn the Proctor family and ask a few questions turned into a rather defensive and disappointing ending. Reverend Hale had asked John Proctor three interesting questions: why his youngest child had not been baptized, why he and his family had not been to church in such a long time, and to state his ten commandments. John Proctor had a response to the first two that seemed reasonable to him, but not to the rest of the church. To the first question he responded with: â€Å"I like it not that Mr. Paris should lay his hand upon my baby. I see no light of God in that man. I’ll no conceal it.† and to the second he responded with â€Å"I nailed the roof upon the church, I hung the door†. Both responses sounded like reasonable excuses to John Proctor because he felt as if Reverend Parris was more worried about the money and the less important things than God himself, but Reverend Parris was ordained and no matter how you felt he was the reverend. If someone chose to go against him it was equal to going against God and in those days going against God meant you were somehow associated with the devil. The last question that Reverend Hale asked John Proctor was to state the Ten Commandments. After looking like he had just been insulted he began to recite the first nine but struggled on the tenth, adultery. Whether it was because he couldn’t remember the tenth commandment under pressure or he was anxious to say it because of the incident between Abigail Williams and himself. Finally, his wife stated the tenth commandment and Reveren d Hale looked a little shocked that he couldn’t have finished all ten himself. Knowing all ten of these commandments was a way to show your faith in God and John Proctor only stated nine of the ten which signaled a red flag that their household had been touched by the devil in one way or another. Political values played hand in hand with religion. All court hearings and anything else referring to some sort of government were always held through the reverend. In the movie The Crucible you see many scenes of hearings and trials all with the reverend standing in front of them. The reverend was in charge of making the final decision on what was in store for the accused’s life. If the reverend felt as if a person was associated with witchcraft or the devil and that person would not confess they would be hung, however, if that person did confess then they would be put in jail for a while or let go in return to be saved by God. In the movie, The Crucible, Abigail Williams confessed by saying â€Å"I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus! I danced for the Devil; I saw him†. Abigail knew if she was to confess to Reverend Hale she would simply get a less harsh punishment compared to if she was to be accused of being associated with the devil and denied eve r coming in contact with the devil. If the Reverend believed you had partaken with the devil and had denied it then you would be hung. As a viewer you can tell that religion and politics are very similar in that time period and that they go hand in hand because of how similar they really are. Social roles also played a huge factor into the lives of many within the society from The Crucible. People had roles that they knew they could not disobey because these roles played such an influence within their lives. Abigail Williams, for example, was helping the Proctor family out around the house when Goody Proctor had suspicions of adultery between Abigail and her husband. Once these suspicions became a reality Abigail was let go from helping their family. A viewer can tell that once a person disobeyed their social role they were considered as an â€Å"outcast†. Another way I noticed social roles playing a part within The Crucible’s society was when John Proctor was about to sign his name off to be free with his wife but ended up ripping the paper into shreds because he could not bring himself to ruin his name. John said â€Å"because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life† shows how important having a good reputation towards a person’s name really is. In those days, a peb rson’s name was all that had. If that person tarnished their name that was it, there was nothing left to be worthy for. Both John Proctor and Abigail Williams knew this and that is why John ripped that paper to shreds and why when Abigail was asked why she no longer worked for the Proctor’s she did not state the real reason. These social roles impacted the everyday lives of the characters from The Crucible, anything from making one’s day better to ruinin g a person’s life could have happened because of these roles. I noticed a lot of different ways that The Crucible could have been connected to our readings from our textbook, Concise Anthology of American Literature. Whether it is from having similar attributes of characters to representing the same faith within their religion there were multiple similarities I could identify. The first comparison that jumped right out at me was between The Crucible and Anne Bradstreet’s story. As I was reading her story I noticed almost immediately the role that women were to play in her time period. Women were there solely to cook, clean, and raise the children. I noticed almost the same thing with watching The Crucible but with some variation. The women’s role from both the story and the movie was solely in the home to cook and clean, however, with The Crucible I noticed the women were aloud a bit more freedom compared to what I understood from the story of Anne Bradstreet’s. The second comparison I made was between The Crucible and one of the letters from the Correspondence. The letter I noticed the comparison was written by Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson asking to bring an end to slavery. There were scenes of slavery within The Crucible that led me to draw out this comparison. In The Crucible there is a character named Tituba who is considered to be a slave, however, she had more freedom compared to the slaves from the time period of when the letter was written. If someone from that time period was caught running around in the woods at night without permission from whoever was in charge they would have been in serious trouble, a lot more trouble than Tituba was showed to have been in. The last comparison I made was between The Crucible and the journal entries of Byrd II. In his journal entries he speaks very highly of religion within every single one of them. Both the movie and the journal entries have very similar ways to show their faith to God because religion played such a huge role for everyone within those time periods. Within the journal entries he shows his faith to God by saying his prayers, reading his Hebrew, and thanking God for his blessing everyday while in The Crucible a person would show their faith to God by going to church every Sunday. Y ou can see that religion plays a huge role in both Byrd II and the characters from The Crucible but they each show it in different ways. Throughout The Crucible and all of the readings from our textbook I have noticed many different types of societies that these people live in. Religion made up pretty much the entire story line of how the characters from The Crucible lived their lives and you can see where some of the stories we read also represented how important religion was to them. Also playing a role within everyone’s lives that we have either watched or read about were politics and social roles. It’s crazy that such little factor’s from our world today pretty much made up the society’s that form those time periods that we read and watch about.

Human Relations In The Workplace Essay

Human Relations In The Workplace Essay â€Å"Human Relations at the Workplace†. The purpose of this report is to reflect on the learned experiences from the subject â€Å"Human Relations at the Workplace†. Human Relations are very important in our life as they influence our social and professional lives. When we talk about Human Relations, there are so many relationships we generally see i.e. Family, Friendship, Social, Diplomatic, Professional etc. But one thing is common in all relations is that people do behave or act differently as they really are. And our tendency should be to learn the positive points/act/behaviour from others and neglect all negative ones. During the trimester, Prof. Chris Green had taught us about Human Relations from the book Effective Human Relations and covered topics like motivation, stress-management, work-life balance, developing yourself, time management and so many other topics related to workplace environment. I am very glad that I have got a chance to discuss my experience with Human Relations at Workplace. In the past, I also read some material regarding Human Relations when I was doing my Bachelors in Commerce in third year from Guru Nanak Dev University in India. After covering these topics again in James Cook University Brisbane, now I understand all these topics much more clearly and their direct impacts on me. Through this course and the subject matter, I have been able to develop and enhance my management and motivational skills. An additional skill that I have gained is to accept beliefs from other cultures and points of view of different people. In the past most of my friends, colleagues and relatives had similar opinions about different aspects of life. This limited me in sharing my ideas and beliefs. After working within multicultural groups, I am now able to understand better, the importance of self disclosure and personal identity. Sharing your ideas and beliefs creates trust and is the key for an effective collaboration. Now I can understand and relate these two points in a way that these could help me to improve my work and life balance. One of the reputed companies in field of sales and marketing gave me an opportunity to work for them as a sales representative. We were a team of 10 people from different social, religious and financial backgrounds. There we all learnt the power of TEAMWORK. The true value, as I see it, is that people work better collaboratively rather than competitively. It had been a very different and challenging experience for me as, personally, I was not permitted to motivate my team members with cash bonuses, nor could fire them or release them out of the project. I read motivational books/stories, and learnt that there were several strategies and ways one could try to motivate the team members. These books and articles helped me in improving my understanding regarding the ways one can motivate his/her team members within the authority given to him. My supervisor, who is one of the greatest motivators in my business life, also taught me some invaluable lessons for teamwork, as he always pushed me and motivated all my team members. This will help me in future too, as I will be able to tackle situations with other team members, managers or supervisors in a more delicate, effective and constructive way. Few lessons that I learnt from my work experience was -Gracefully admit your mistake, Motivate others by saying that â€Å"You did a good job†, Ask for others opinion. Remember these two most important words â€Å"Please† and â€Å"Thank you†. Reward in Public and Criticize in person. From my past experiences, I have also learned, that how to become leaders and how good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. The power of the high position does not make anybody a leader; it only makes you a boss. A leader should have some leadership attributes such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills. In my belief, I will be able to do better at handling situations like motivation and team leading. During the trimester, I got a chance to give a presentation on Human Relation Challenges in the New Economy. In that presentation, we discussed topics related to Understanding new economy, communicating effectively with new technologies, managing people in virtual environment. Here I would like to share a true story based on â€Å"Rewards to improve Motivation†. â€Å"One of my friends is working as a Software Test Engineer in an IT company in USA. He is a contractor with that company and was doing his job well and working on one of the live projects. Then he was presented with an opportunity to work for a critical project that had high visibility in the organization. His manager asked him â€Å"Will you be able to work on two different projects side-by-side and give 24 hour support for 7 days a week?† My friend replied:†Ok†, but from inside he was not happy because there was no motivation for him for the extra work he had to do. After two-three days, his manager told him that for all this extra workload he will be paid $500 per week additionally from his normal salary and he will be given one week of vacation after the 2nd project goes live. In the above scenario Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of needs were present. His needs were of creativity and fulfilment which we refer to as Self-Actualisation needs. In this case five major areas affected his motivation- Variance of skills, Identification of task, Significance of task, autonomy and feedback. This motivated my friend and now he was more happy and efficient in his work than before.† Reference http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Maslows_Needs_Hierarchy.html Further, while preparing this presentation, I had given nice colours and effects to slides. But when I saw these slides from audiences point of view, I found so many mistakes and also recognized that colour and effects do not help too much in making a good presentation. Good presentation includes proper arrangement of the good material with bold heading, underlining important tasks, diagrams, graphs etc. to make it more interesting for the audience as well as the presenter. I hope this presentation is going to improve my speaking, presentation and communication skills. Overall, in future, I should be able to work as a good team member, leader and able to understand the organizational structure thoroughly. Further, I can more effectively understand behavioural, social and cultural dimensions of my team members and subordinates. This will help me in providing and promoting healthy, effective and comfortable work environment.

First World War Poets Essay -- World War One Poets Poetry Poems Essays

First World War Poets The First World War poets were able to affect the emotions of their readers. Choose two or more poems that have affected you in some way, and analyse how the poets have achieved this affect. The subject of war is a delicate one to write about. However, Wilfred Owen expertly describes the horrors of conflict to his readers in a way few are able to. He conveys images and uses language in ways that can move the reader. In this essay I will look at two of his poems, written during and after the war, and aim to discuss the methods Owen uses in order to successfully influence the readers’ emotions. After reading each of the poems, I felt I was able to recognize more fully the suffering that the men on the front line endured. Although the full extent of the terror of the trenches should never be seen again, Owen’s writing gives a good idea of what war was like 90 years ago. The poems moved me and sadden me, and also opened my eyes to the horror of war. The poems I will be studying are ‘Spring Offensive’ and ‘Futility’; they differ from each other in a variety of ways but each communicates a feeling of compassion for those who died in 1918. While one will use perhaps horrific detail, another will use a milder and gentler method. In answer to the essay title, I will show which techniques Owen uses in each poem and how they move the reader. The first poem I will look at is ‘Spring Offensive’. We can see from the title that Owen may talk about conflict as ‘offensive’ suggests. The opening line is one of sadness and imminent death, ‘Halted against the shade of a last hill’. The use of ‘last’ implies that the men are nearing the end of their lives and that the hill is that last one th... ...suddenly they are ‘exposed’ to the ‘unseen bullets’ of the enemy machine guns. This also makes the soldiers appear very brave, as they show little fear. To conclude, I would say that ‘Spring Offensive’ is an exceptional piece of writing that moved me greatly. I felt real sympathy and sadness for the men that lost their lives for their country after the officers threw them into the front line. This feeling is strengthened through ‘Futility’, which makes the pointlessness of the War even more apparent. Owen uses rhythm and style to paint the terrible pictures of war in order to rouse the reader into thinking about his ideas. His use of rhetorical devices further reinforces his views on war and its senselessness. Finally, his questioning of God and his way of making nature appear all-powerful adds an effective twist to the overall view of his writing.

Laura Briggs Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperial

Laura Briggs' Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico In Reproducing Empire, Laura Briggs provides her readers with a very thorough history of the mainland U.S. and Puerto Rican discourses and its authors surrounding Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans, from Puerto Rico's formation in the mainland elite's "mind" as a model U.S. (not) colony in 1898* to its present status as semi-autonomous U.S. territory. Briggs opens her book by discussing the origins of globalization in U.S. and western European colonialism, and closes with a review of her methods, in which she calls for a new focus on subaltern studies, including a (re)focus on the authors of information (who she claims as the subjects of this book) as a lens through which to circumvent the "neglect and obsessive interest†¦in the service of the imperial project in Puerto Rico" (207). Briggs identifies herself in her epilogue- "I am a US. Anglo whose ties to the island are only love and a relentless sense that that just as the history of the island is inescapably tied to the mainland, so the mainland's history is reciprocally tied to the island" (206). Briggs notes that there is an active history of dissociation of Puerto Rico as part of the U.S., and that to speak only of Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico as true Puerto Ricans, or to construct Puerto Rico as economically unconnected to the U.S. is a misconception, which has been historically employed to blame Puerto Rico for the U.S.' subordination of it. Briggs' records Puerto Rico's history as a "model," "testing site," or "laboratory' for U.S. colonial rule, centering on the ways in which this has functioned in relation to or through (control of) Puerto Rican working class women an... ... note that island organizations that supported birth control for other reasons often utilized funding from these larger foundations. *****While Briggs condemns the stance of most radical to conservative mainland organizations in terms of the sterilization/anti-sterilization debate, she notes at length the ways in which a variety of Puerto Rican activists, such as the Young Lords, circumvented the racist culture of poverty arguments and the dominant tendency to deny agency to their subjects in their political activism outside of this debate. Her judgments on the subject of engagement with a culture of poverty argument are complex, as are the usefulness of deciding what activism is better from her perspective as an academic outsider. I will return to this in terms of the potential usefulness of the intersections between internal and (external?) colonial theory.

Your mom

The old view (historians in the 1950's) was that NAZI Germany was a â€Å"totalitarian† state. Hitler was the all-powerful dictator. Orders flowed downwards from Hitler. The system of government was like an efficient, well-oiled machine. Recent research by historians (1970's/80's) now disputes this view. It is now accepted that Nazi Germany was NOT a â€Å"well-oiled machine†. It was more like a medieval court – with a king (Hitler) surrounded by powerful barons (his leading subordinates). The barons constantly battled with each other.The king stayed above this conflict, occasionally backing one side or the other. The best way to get a decision was to get to Hitler personally. His orders, when he bothered to issue them, were all that counted in the last resort. This was a chaotic way to run a modern country. It was certainly NOT â€Å"totalitarian†! Historians are currently disputing these issues: 1) Some historians argue that despite the above â€Å"chao s†, Hitler's will still counted above all else. Hitler was such a CHARISMATIC leader that he did not need to issue clear orders, but everyone knew, or could guess, what he wanted.In practice veryone in government tried to carry this out. This is the â€Å"intentionalist† viewpoint. Things happened inside Nazi Germany because Hitler them to. 2) Other historians say many decisions were taken inside Germany without Hitler's will. People in government had to get on with the Job. Often Hitler Just had to accept what they had decided to do. This is the â€Å"weak dictator† interpretation. It is also sometimes called the argument: that the structures of government, not Hitler's intentions, decided many issues. 3) Other historians argue that Hitler governed Germany in the way he didThey argue it was a good way to â€Å"divide and rule. † While the â€Å"barons† were busy scrapping with each other, Hitler's power would never be challenged by any of them. 4) A different point of view is that Hitler really WAS a â€Å"weak† dictator. He was indecisive so he tried to put off making decisions. The details of government work bored him. He preferred foreign affairs. So he left the boring day-to-day business of governing Germany to others. He only got involved when he had to, for example to settle disputes between his â€Å"barons. â€Å"

Strategic Decision-Making

â€Å"Rational decision-making is an impossible ideal in strategy formulation and implementation due to incomplete information and organisational politics. † Strategy is formulated and implemented by organisations as a means of gaining competitive advantage and achieving organisational success. Frequent fast, widely supported, and high quality strategic decisions are the cornerstone of effective strategy (Eisenhardt, 1999 in Clegg et. Al, 2012). In today's world of borderless business, ever-evolving technology and rapid change, can these decisions be made rationally?Currently there are three main decision-making paradigms in the literature – rational decision-making, political decision-making and the garbage can model. Each paradigm frames the decision-making process differently and each will be discussed in turn in this essay. It will then be concluded that while rational decision-making is possible, it is only boundedly so due to incomplete information confounded by t he limitations of human cognition, particularly in the fast-paced business world of today.Furthermore, while people can be individually rational, collectively this is not the case (Eisenhardt ; Zbaracki, 1992) – as organisations are political systems, politics and power are often central to decision-making in the formulation and implementation of strategy. Rational decision-making Model According to the rational decision making model, clear goals and objectives are first identified and listed in order of importance. All the alternative courses of action associated with each objective are then identified and the consequences of each action are established.Consequences are assessed against the values and objectives pursued, with the course of action that best maximises these values being the one that is chosen. This logical step-by-step approach suggests that the outcome will be maximised. It also assumes the decision maker has complete knowledge of not only all possible altern atives, but also their consequences. For strategists who subscribe to this model of decision making, the organisation is seen as a rational bureaucracy where strategic planning is conducted by top management and organisational structure follows.This prescriptive view of decision-making has scientific principles at its core as decision makers are thought to be accurate and objective. Research, however, has shown that the decision-making process used by managers is not as straightforward or linear in nature. In fact, the assumptions underpinning the theory of omniscient rationality, while ‘strikingly simple and beautiful' (Simon, 1978), are fundamentally flawed. Although such an approach to strategy formulation may appear ideal in theory, it cannot be practised except for with relatively simple problems (Linblom, 1959).Limits of the cognitive capacity of humans, and on available information set definite limits on a manager's ability to be fully rational. In addition to this, oth er members of the organisation may disagree with the decision makers choice leading to power plays and politics. Whilst strategic decisions then, fall short of omniscience, they are not necessarily irrational. Rather, they are, and can only ever be, a bounded rationality. Cognitive biases of managers limit the applicability of the rational decision-making approach (Santos & Garcia, 2006).The organisational situation is framed by the decision makers who perceive an approximate model of the circumstances, choosing from a limited list of subjective alternatives. Some choices are given weight and others are relegated to the background, thus large segments of reality are out of focus (Feehan, 2013). Simon (1956) recognising the limits of comprehensive rationality, posited the concept of ‘satisficing', that members will choose the first alternative that is deemed to adequately meet the organisation's objectives rather than taking the time to survey all possible alternatives and find ing the optimal choice.This satisficing alternative will meet the minimal satisfactory requirements. Linblom's ‘Muddling Through' theory (1959) was one of the first to recognise the role of politics in strategic decision-making. Linblom refers to the comprehensive rational model mentioned above, as a ‘root' approach to decision-making where the process begins with the fundamentals, always starting from the ground up. This means-end analysis requires that values are clarified in advance of examining alternatives. He posits a ‘branch method' of incremental comparisons as a more suitable method for complex problems.Here, the decision-making process begins in the current situation, building out with incremental changes. Lindblom argues that the organisation and individuals may hold conflicting values which only become clear after the fact. A good outcome is therefore, not the optimal one but one that is agreed upon by all players. These theories highlight both the limi ts of rationality and the importance of context in strategic decision-making. Unlike many other decisions, strategic decisions are made in an organisational context where the reaction of the players affects the outcome.This view of organisations not as rational optimisers but ‘satisficers' resonates with the author's experiences. Having owned my own business I understand due to time constraints, working memory limits and finite funding levels, it is not possible to make decisions in a perfectly rational fashion. There will always be alternatives you (the organisation) had not considered, preferences you have that may be conflicting, and choices that cannot be made due to disagreements among stakeholders.This is not to say that the strategic decisions cannot be rational – they can but only boundedly so. It is important, in my view, to approach these significant and complex decisions in a systematic manner when possible. However in a dynamic world, where business is borde rless and technology is advancing at an ever increasing rate, I would question the utility of this approach. Context is key. Political decision-making model The political model of decision-making presents a compelling case against the possibility of perfect rationality in strategy formation and implementation.In fact, according to Clegg (2012, p. 267) the biggest enemy of rationality is the power and politics that are inscribed in every organisational decision. The division of an organisation into separate departments, encourages political activity between them as they compete for scarce resources (Pettigrew, 1973). Coalitions are formed around a perceived affinity of interests, with the ultimate aim being to accrue enough power to influence the decision-making process. It is out of this struggle for power that decisions emerge.Strategic decisions are particularly likely to stimulate political actions because they are complex, significant, and subject to uncertainty. There may be mu ch to gain/lose for each of the players from both a material and reputational point of view (Child, Elbanna ; Rodrigues, 2010). Take for example, an organisation such as a hospital. It is pluralistic in nature, often experiencing conflict between departments, staff subcultures and rifts between administrative staff and departments.Imagine as part of a cost containment strategy, it is decided after rational analysis, that the optimal alternative is to reduce wage costs by 20%. The highly paid consultants and lower paid floor staff will be pitted against each other, each protecting their own self-interests. The cost cutting strategy may have to be adapted in order to appease the players. As this example conveys, it is out of differences in self-interests that conflict rises (Eisenhardt ; Zbaracki, 1992). Research has consistently found organisational decision-making to be political in nature.A study of nine international corporations found that they were political systems comprised of a myriad of coalitions and groups (Quinn,1980 in Child et. al 2010). Pettigrew (1972) observed a scenario where established computer analysts conflicted with a newer team of analysts over which IT system their company should invest in. A member of the established coalition of analysts acted as gatekeeper, using his role to control the flow of information to top management whilst communicating negatively about his opponents ideas at the same time.This resulted in management deciding to take his advice. Another often cited example of the political decision-making model the Cuban Missile Crisis (Clegg et al 2011; Child et al 2010). Garbage Can Model The garbage can model of decision making offers an alternative insight into strategic decision-making in organisations. Here, the organisation is described as a loose collection of already-made solutions, waiting for new decision opportunities to be applied. Contrary to the assumptions of the rational model, decision making in these organi sed anarchies is not an orderly, linear process.The ambiguity is due to the radical instability of three premises – preferences, technology (know-how, techniques ; equipment) and participation. Decision-making occurs when the right problem arises and the right people are receptive to it's solution. These variables are coupled temporally, by chance, rather than consequentially by rational calculation (Rainey, Ronquillo & Avellaneda, 2010). The garbage can model differs from the rational and political models as it conveys the role of chance in the decision-making process.Decisions are not arrived at through boundedly rational analysis, nor are they negotiated by the interactions of coalitions. Instead, they are the random result of the convergence of problems and solutions at a particular point in time. This is not to say that this model is intended to replace rational decision-making, rather it's purpose is to supplement it (Rainey et. al 2010). Not all decision making situati ons are organised chaos, neither are they all rational. Many organisations in the public sector serve as examples of the garbage can model of decision-making.Many policy-making decisions for example, are imprecise and vague in nature with no defined goals attached. Participants in the public sector decision making process are prone to change – board members, consultants and even governmental parties are likely to change during the course of the decision-making process. Rational decision-making then, is problematic for making the predictions about the future preferences and consequences when formulating strategy. The human cognitive system will simply not allow us to consider all possible alternative solutions to any given problem.This assertion highlights the importance of brainstorming and group work in order to generate possible alternatives that we, ourselves, may not have thought of. Even taking this into account however, it is doubtful that an exhaustive list of all even tualities would be arrived at. Groupthink and politics are also likely to factor into the equation. Furthermore, even if rational decision-making were possible, it may not be even be the ideal. It does not allow for the input of emotional intelligence and ethical considerations which are often required in the decision-making process.How then can the business of today ensure they are making adequate decisions when formulating and implementing strategy? Organisational learning has been posited as an alternative view to organisations as decision-makers. Organisations are seen as learning by encoding inferences from experiences which are then used to direct behaviour (Levitt ; March, 1988). Organisations adapt to changes in the environment, storing data in it's repository to be drawn on later. References Clegg, S. , Carter, C. , Kornberger, M. amp; Schweitzer, J. (2011) Strategy: Theory & Practice. London : Sage. Child, J. Elbanna, S. & Rodrigues, S. . (2010). The Political Aspects of S trategic Decision Making. In: Nutt, P. C. & Wilson, D. C. Handbook of Decision Making. Sussex: Wiley. 105-138. Eisenhardt, K. M. & Zbaracki, M. J. (1992). Strategic Decision-making. Strategic Management Journal 13, pp. 17-37. Feehan, M. (2013) Organisation & Strategy Slides. IPA Moodle. Accessed on 21/01/2013. Levitt, B. & March, J.G. (1988). Organizational Learning Annual Review of Sociology. 14, pp. 319-340 Linblom, C. E. (1959). ‘The Science of Muddling Through. ‘ Public Administration Review 19 , 2. pp. 79-88. Pettigrew, A. M. (1973) The Politics of Organizational Decision Making. London: Tavistock Pettigrew, A. M. (1972) Information control as a power resource, Sociology, 6, 187–204. Santos, M.. V & Garcia, M. T. (2006) Managers’ opinions:reality or fiction. A narrative approach. Management Decision 44, 6. pp 752-770.